TESTIMONY OR DEPOSITION AT A FORMER PROCEEDING:

     Section 47, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court is an entirely different provision. While a former testimony or deposition appears under the Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule, the classification of former testimony or deposition as an admissible hearsay is not universally conceded. (Jovito R. Salonga, Philippine Law of Evidence, p. 540, 2nd ed., 1958.) A fundamental characteristic of hearsay evidence is the adverse party’s lack of opportunity to cross-examine the out-of-court declarant. However, Section 47, Rule 130 explicitly requires, inter alia, for the admissibility of a former testimony or deposition that the adverse party must have had an opportunity to cross-examine the witness or the deponent in the prior proceeding. This opportunity to cross-examine though is not the ordinary cross-examination (Section 6, Rule 132 of the Rules of Court) afforded an adverse party in usual trials regarding “matters stated in the direct examination or connected therewith.” Section 47, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court contemplates a different kind of cross-examination, whether actual or a mere opportunity, whose adequacy depends on the requisite identity of issues in the former case or proceeding and in the present case where the former testimony or deposition is sought to be introduced.  (Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 4th Division, G.R. No. 152375, December 16, 2011, Brion, J.).